Jewish Studies Program
Jewish Studies is an interdisciplinary program with courses cross-listed and cross-referenced in REL, HIST, POLS, GIST, AMS, CLSX, ENGL, GER, SLAV, and WGSS. A Jewish Studies major would complement majors in other departments.
Interest in Jewish Studies is high. The area of Jewish studies is pertinent to all undergraduates at KU, not only because of Jewish influence in the development of early Christianity and Islam, and in world culture, and because of the present world attention on the Middle East, but also because there are close to 2000 Jewish undergraduate students at KU at any one time with several student organizations to serve them (religious and social groups Hillel and Chabad; fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi and Zeta Beta Tau; and the sorority Sigma Delta Tau).
A couple of Jewish institutes offer a range of degree programs. The Michigan Jewish Institute (Detroit) offers a Masters of Applied Science in Jewish Studies (practical and marketable degrees in three concentrations, Judaic Studies, Jewish Education, and Jewish Leadership), and the Spertus Institute (Chicago) offers a range of MA, MS and doctoral programs "for those pursuing a career in the Jewish community." These institutes attest to the relevance of Jewish Studies degrees for careers in Jewish leadership and education.
In addition, this study area is relevant to many of the careers students aspire to. Obvious examples include work in Jewish service and community centers, but also in social work, academia, K-12 education, public policy, and law.
The BA in Jewish Studies aims to educate students in interdisciplinary scholarship related to Jewish studies: Jewish Languages, Jewish Religion, History and Culture of the Jewish People, and Israel Studies. The coursework includes ten courses: 1 Gateway Course to Jewish Studies, 7 Jewish Studies Core Courses, and 2 Capstone Research Coursework
Courses
HEBR 110. Elementary Modern Hebrew I. 5 Credits. F1
A beginning course in modern Hebrew. Essentials of grammar, syntax and conversational practice; elementary reading and writing. Note: Students with other previous experience in Hebrew must take a placement exam.
HEBR 120. Elementary Modern Hebrew II. 5 Credits. F2
Further development of language skills: listening comprehension, oral efficiency, intermediate grammar and syntax, reading and writing. Note: Students with other previous experience in Hebrew must take a placement exam. Prerequisite: HEBR 120.
HEBR 220. Intermediate Modern Hebrew II. 3 Credits. F4
HEBR 300. Topics in Hebrew: _____. 3 Credits. FP
Examination of special topics in Jewish Studies predominantly taught in the Hebrew language. This course may be repeated for credit if topic varies. Prerequisite: HEBR 220 or permission of instructor.
HEBR 340. Advanced Modern Hebrew I. 3 Credits. FP
Advanced study of Modern Hebrew. This course is designed to strengthen linguistic skills, enrich vocabulary, and further the study of grammar and syntax. Not open to native speakers of Hebrew. Prerequisite: HEBR 220 or permission of the instructor.
HEBR 350. Advanced Modern Hebrew II. 3 Credits. FP
Continued advanced study of modern Hebrew. Not open to native speakers of Hebrew. Prerequisite: HEBR 340 or permission of the instructor.
HEBR 490. Independent Study. 3 Credits.
Intensive reading or research under faculty supervision. Not open to native speakers of Hebrew. Prerequisite: HEBR 220 or equivalent.
Courses
A basic introduction to the major religious traditions of the Near East, Europe, and the Americas, with an emphasis on their development through the modern period and their expressions in contemporary life. (Same as REL 107.)
JWSH 120. Exploring the Jewish Experience. 1 Credits.
This course introduces students to basic aspects of Jewish studies, including Jewish history, Judaism and theology, philosophy and science, and culture. Not open to students who have completed JWSH 400 or JWSH 610.
This course serves as an introduction to the literature of the Bible. Students will explore the relationships between various types of literature in the Bible as well as the functions this literature served in the history and religious life of the people who produced and used it. The focus of the course will be on examining the purpose and meaning of biblical texts during the time and culture in which they were originally written. Distinctive theological concerns and literary features of individual texts will be studied in light of their historical context in ancient Israel (for the Hebrew Bible) and the Greco-Roman world (for the New Testament). Not open to students who have taken REL 125 or JWSH 125. (Same as REL 124.)
A limited-enrollment, seminar course for first-time freshmen, addressing current issues in Jewish Studies. Course is designed to meet the US Culture of the KU Core 34. First-Year Seminar topics are coordinated and approved by the Undergraduate Education Office within Academic Affairs. Prerequisite: Open to Freshmen only (less than 30 hours).
A limited-enrollment, seminar course for first-time freshmen, addressing current issues in Jewish Studies. Course is designed to meet the critical thinking learning outcome of the KU Core. First-Year Seminar topics are coordinated and approved by the Office of Academic Programs and Experiential Learning. Prerequisite: Open to Freshmen only (less than 30 hours).
JWSH 300. Topics in History and Culture of the Jewish People: _____. 3 Credits.
Examination of special topics in history and culture of the Jewish people. May be repeated if topic varies.
JWSH 301. Topics in Jewish Religion: _____. 3 Credits.
Examination of special topics in Jewish religion. This course may be repeated if topic varies.
JWSH 314. Anthropology and the Jews. 3 Credits.
A disproportionately large number of founders of anthropology in the 20th century were Jews. The figure of the “Jew,” as an abstract theoretical category, played a central role in some of the foundational texts of sociocultural theory at the beginning of the 20th century. There were also the real, “empirical” Jewish communities around the world, undergoing massive upheavals, that were the objects of numerous anthropological studies. This course will explore these different layers of the relations of anthropology, Jews, and Jewishness. Is there something particularly “Jewish” in the work of Boas, Durkheim, and Gofman or in the anthropological perspective more broadly? What was the role of the “Jew” in how early-twentieth-century sociocultural theory thought about modernity? Was it influenced by the enduring legacy of anti-semitism? What are some of the ways in which anthropology has been studying and analyzing Jewish communities around the world? Students of anthropology and other social sciences will find in this course an opportunity to do a close reading, in workshop mode, of some of the classic works of 20th century sociocultural theory, as well as think about the roots of their disciplines in both racism and anti-racist pushback. Students of Jewish studies, on the other hand, will find an anthropologically informed discussion of Jewish identity and Jewishness, anti-semitism, and the lived reality of global Jewish communities. (Same as ANTH 314.)
A broad historical study of the Spanish Inquisition from 1478 to its afterlife in modern culture, including its use in political debates and its depiction in popular culture. Topics include anti-Semitism, the nature of the inquisitorial investigation, the use of torture, censorship and the relationship between the Inquisition, the Spanish monarchy and other religious and lay authorities. Taught in English. Will not count toward the Spanish major. (Same as HIST 325 and SPAN 302.)
JWSH 320. The Bible Then and Now. 3 Credits.
An introduction and survey of the history and interpretation of the Jewish and Christian bibles from their first formation to the present day. Students will explore the way the text, interpretation and format of the Bible have adjusted over time to accommodate religious, political, social and technological changes. Class will occasionally meet in the university's rare book collection to study rare bibles. (Same as REL 320.)
An introduction to the figure of Jesus in his ancient Jewish context. What was Jewish life like in Jesus's time? What did the early Jesus movement share with other forms of Judaism, and how did it differ? Evidence from the New Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and other textual and archaeological sources will be used to explore the first-century Jewish society of which both Jesus and the first Christians were a part. (Same as REL 323.)
JWSH 325. Introduction to Judaism. 3 Credits.
Analyzes a selection of the core texts, teachings, and practices of Jewish religious traditions in terms of classical and contemporary understanding. (Same as REL 325.)
JWSH 326. The Talmud: Its Origins, Nature, and Evolution. 3 Credits.
This course demystifies the Talmud, arguably the most central yet also the most mysterious text of rabbinic Judaism. Students are introduced to the scope, substance, styles, and major figures of the Talmud, and also learn how the text came into being over the course of several centuries. (Same as REL 326.) Prerequisite: REL 104, REL 107, or REL 124 or REL 125, or permission of the instructor.
By examining the modern concept of Yiddishkeit (Jewishness), this course explores Jewish secularism as a set of modern intellectual, literary, and cultural practices that redefined the relationship between the secular and religious in literature, music, theatre, art, humor, and foodways. This interdisciplinary course draws on theoretical approaches from history, cultural studies, religious studies, folklore, and linguistics to examine the different secularizing cultural practices of the Jews in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in North America.
This course provides an introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict including its history from the Ottoman period to the present day, the social and political effects on Israeli and Palestinian life and citizenship, official and unofficial narratives, and international responses. (Same as GIST 329 and HIST 381 and POLS 369.)
JWSH 330. Mystical Tradition in Judaism. 3 Credits.
Mystical experiences and supernatural encounters in Jewish texts and tradition: Dybbuks and demons, angels and Elijah; from ecstatic enlightenment to succumbing to satan - Jewish texts and tradition are riddled with the arcane, the occult and the mystical. This course will mine the sources for a deep exploration of these aspects of Judaism that are most often obscured by "normative" teachings and practices, yet remain deeply embedded in the customs and beliefs of Jews around the world. (Same as REL 329.)
JWSH 333. Jewish Women and Leadership. 3 Credits.
This course explores Jewish women's involvement and activism in their communities and immediate environment. We will explore themes in Jewish women's participation like enfranchisement, labor activism, civil rights, access to healthcare, religious practices, cultural contributions, and family units. Students will have the opportunity to consider the relationship between identity, gender, religion, community, and how these impact individuals' social behavior. Specifically, students will explore how Jewish women have to balance their religious and ethnic identities and efforts to impact their surroundings.
JWSH 334. Jewish Women and Leadership, Honors. 3 Credits.
This course explores Jewish women's involvement and activism in their communities and immediate environment. We will explore themes in Jewish women's participation like enfranchisement, labor activism, civil rights, access to healthcare, religious practices, cultural contributions, and family units. Students will have the opportunity to consider the relationship between identity, gender, religion, community, and how these impact individuals' social behavior. Specifically, students will explore how Jewish women have to balance their religious and ethnic identities and efforts to impact their surroundings.
JWSH 335. History of Jewish Women. 3 Credits.
This course explores the history of Jewish women from antiquity to the twentieth century. It examines the historical constructions of women's gender roles and identities in Jewish law and custom as well as the social and cultural impact of those constructions in the context of the realities of women's lives in both Jewish and non-Jewish society. (Same as HIST 335, WGSS 335.)
An examination of Jewish American literature and culture from the 17th century to the present. Materials may include a broad range of literary genres as well as folklore, music, film, and visual art. (Same as ENGL 336.) Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of the instructor. Recommended: Prior completion of one 200-level English course.
JWSH 337. Religious Zionisms. 3 Credits.
A survey of the many types of Religious Zionism, from the origins of the movement to the present, from Left to Right, and from Jewish to Christian. The class asks questions about the relationship between religion and politics in Israel using case studies as examples, and also considers the views of religious Jewish anti-Zionists. No previous knowledge of Judaism or Israeli history is required. (Same as REL 327.)
JWSH 338. Languages of the Jews. 3 Credits.
From the beginning, Jewish history and culture is closely tied to language, from Hebrew and Aramaic to the languages of diaspora such as Yiddish and Ladino. Focusing on issues of language in society, this course will survey the languages spoken by the Jews throughout their long history in diverse communities around the world. We will learn about Hebrew as a spoken and a sacred language, examine how Jewish languages are born and die, and discuss the resurrection of Modern Hebrew in the state of Israel. All readings are in English. No prior knowledge of languages or linguistics is required. (Same as LING 338.)
JWSH 339. Languages of the Jews, Honors. 3 Credits.
An examination of the rise of Hitler and Nazism, beginning with the breakdown of 19th century culture in the First World War and continuing through the failure of democracy under the Weimar Republic. The course will also discuss the impact of Nazism on Germany and how Nazism led to the Second World War and the Holocaust. Particular attention is paid to the moral and ethical dilemmas facing individuals living under the Nazi regime, as well as those concerning victims and perpetrators in the Holocaust. (Same as GERM 341 and HIST 341.)
The systematic murder of the Jews of Europe by the Nazis during World War II is one of the most important events of modern history. This course studies the Holocaust by asking about its place in history. It compares other attempted genocides with the Holocaust and examines why most historians argue that it is unique. Other topics covered include the reasons the Holocaust occurred in Europe when it did, the changing role of anti-Semitism, and the effects of the Holocaust on civilization. The course also discusses why some people have sought to deny the Holocaust. The course concludes by discussing the questions people have raised about the Holocaust and such issues as support for democracy, the belief in progress, the role of science, and the search for human values which are common to all societies. (Same as HIST 343.)
JWSH 344. Modern Jewish History. 3 Credits.
This course explores the complex of interactions between Jews, Judaism, and modernity by examining the challenges to Jewish life and thought, community and culture, self-understanding and survival, from the early modern period to the present day. Through the lenses of religious, cultural, intellectual, and political expression, the course examines the social, economic, and demographic changes in Jewish communities in Western, Central and Eastern Europe, the United States, and Israel along with the impact of antisemitism and the Holocaust. (Same as HIST 344.)
JWSH 345. Theatre and Genocide. 3 Credits.
This seminar focuses on theatre art production under extreme situations. Do artists have a moral obligation to bear witness to genocide and war? Lectures, historical and theoretical readings, play texts, dance performance, and films provide students with a context within which to explore such issues as: the function of the performing arts under duress; the artist's role under and in response to atrocity; and how art aids us to explore the human condition. Class discussion, readings, and individual projects. This course is offered at the 300 and 600 level with additional assignments at the 600 level. Not open to students with credit in JWSH 645 or THR 645. (Same as THR 345.) Prerequisite: THR 308 or instructor permission.
JWSH 346. The Jewish Experience in America. 3 Credits.
This course surveys the history of American Jewry from the 17th to the 20th centuries through overlapping perspectives of economics, politics, ethnicity, culture, and gender. The first part of the course examines the three waves of Jewish immigration - Sephardic ("Spanish-Portuguese"), West-Ashkenazic ("German"), and East Ashkenazic ("Russian") - that took place between the 1600s and World War I: their specific European roots and American circumstances; the different ways in which each group adapted to, interacted with, shaped and was shaped by American life, constructed ideas of community and identity, and influenced those who came later. The second part of the course explores the genesis of an integrated and distinctive modern American "Jewishness" that emerged after World War I and reached its zenith in the 1960s. Informed by interwar and postwar social, economic and demographic transformation and critical domestic and international political developments, this process involved the reconstruction of Jewish identity and community based on the conscious blending of Jewish values, traditions, rituals, and institutions with American notions of personal happiness and success, family, domesticity and upward mobility and the conscious broadening of Jewish concepts of philanthropy and activism based on expanded notions of American Jewry's social and political mission in the United States and the world.
In this course we will explore the variety of ways that Judaism and Jewish people have approached ethics, both theoretically and practically. Our investigation will consider the evolution of approaches across time, and variations among different communities, as well as examining how the religious tradition has, at times, differed from actual practice among Jewish people. We will look at theological, philosophical, and sociological elements that inform Jewish ethics, as well as delving into specific issues in Jewish ethics, including autonomy vs. communal norms; business and labor practices; saving a life vs. taking a life; the treatment of animals; marriage and family matters; medical ethics; universalism vs. particularism, and more.
This course examines the interaction between literature and memory, in particular how authors respond to major historical events and contribute to shaping the collective memory of those events. Students will read graphic novels inspired by memories of the Holocaust and Communism. Through the visual and textual mix of the graphic novel, we will consider the impact of historical upheavals on the lives of ordinary individuals, drawing connections to contemporary national and global socio-political problems. Students will write on these topics in a variety of academic and non-academic genres, including: journal, article summary, synthetic essay, analytical essay, and reflection essay/creative writing. (Same as GIST 321 and SLAV 320.)
JWSH 349. Antisemitism: A Long History. 3 Credits.
This course surveys the genesis, evolution and persistence of antipathy towards Jews and Judaism from late antiquity through the twentieth century, exploring its connections to religious and secular ideologies and its changing nature over time, place, and culture. Using primary source documents, religious and secular art and literature, the mass media and popular expression, the course examines how antisemitism was articulated and implemented, how Jews and Judaism were perceived and represented, and how Jews and Judaism responded to antisemitism. (Same as HIST 349.)
JWSH 361. Jewish Film. 3 Credits.
An examination of the cultural history of the Jews through films that explore Jewish themes, including but not limited to: issues of tradition and modernity, religion and secularism, immigration, gender, Zionism, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust. Films studied may be in English and in foreign languages (with English subtitles) like Yiddish, Hebrew, and Russian.
The course will examine what religious traditions have had to say about controversies in economic ethics, focusing on how religious thinkers develop arguments on the basis of methods particular to their traditions. At the same time, it presents these traditions alongside secular approaches to economic ethics. Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism will be considered, as will liberalism, Marxism, feminism, and natural law theory. Topics include economic inequality, wealth accumulation, licit and illicit commerce, slavery, and profit. Attention will also be paid to the methodological challenges of the study of the topic, which necessarily brings together political economy, ethics, economic history, and hermeneutics. Students will work with a diverse array of primary sources, from ancient scriptures to modern thinkers. The ultimate goal will be to understand how it is possible for thinkers within the same religious tradition to take differing stances on economic ethics, while considering themselves wholly grounded in tradition, depending on their relationships to the modern secular approaches we discuss. (Same as REL 379.)
JWSH 380. Ethics and the Holocaust: Perpetrators, Collaborators, and Bystanders. 3 Credits.
While the number of active perpetrators in the Holocaust was relatively small, millions of ordinary people faced decisions that placed them on the spectrum of responsibility ranging from perpetrator, to collaborator, to bystander. This course will examine these people and their choices, as well as the role of professional ethics for police, engineers, doctors, and others whose professions were needed by the Nazis. The course will explore the following questions: What factors led people to become perpetrators, collaborators, or bystanders during the Holocaust? What role did professional ethics play in the Holocaust? What can we learn from the Holocaust about the importance of ethics in our own lives?
JWSH 395. Study Abroad Topics in Jewish Studies: _____. 3-6 Credits.
This course is designed for the study of special topics in Jewish Studies at the junior/senior level. Coursework must be arranged through the Office of KU Study Abroad. May be repeated for credit if content varies.
An examination of the rise of Hitler and Nazism, beginning with the breakdown of 19th century culture in the First World War and continuing through the failure of democracy under the Weimar Republic. The course will also discuss the impact of Nazism on Germany and how Nazism led to the Second World War and the Holocaust. Particular attention is paid to the moral and ethical dilemmas facing individuals living under the Nazi regime, as well as those concerning victims and perpetrators in the Holocaust. (Same as EURS 396, GERM 396 and HIST 396.) Prerequisite: Membership in University Honors or consent of instructor.
JWSH 400. Foundations of Jewish Studies. 3 Credits.
This course introduces students to basic aspects of Jewish Studies, as a form of interdisciplinary studies, including Jewish history, culture, Judaism and theology, philosophy and science, ethnicities and narratives, languages, customs, and the arts. Special attention will be given to the structure of the Jewish Studies BA, and to various career options available to Jewish Studies students. Prerequisite: Department permission.
The course focuses on understanding Israel as a Nation-State of the Jewish people and its challenges regarding the balance between being a Jewish and a Democratic state. In the first part, the course surveys Jewish history in the 19th century, the birth of Zionism, and statehood's progress through the British Mandate. In the second part, students learn about Israel's major contemporary issues by discussing political, ethnic, national, economic, gender, and religious divides and their relation to the pre-statehood period.
JWSH 412. Mandatory Palestine: 1920-1948. 3 Credits.
A review of the thirty-year history of the British Mandate over Palestine, with a focus on the successful nation building by the Jewish people and the demise of the Palestinian project in 1948.
JWSH 414. Israel/Palestine: The War of 1948. 3 Credits.
The war of 1948 shaped the history of the modern Middle East more than any other single event. Issues discussed include the participating parties, the efforts of the international community, the establishment of Israel, the division of Palestine, and the unsolved status of the Palestinian refugees. (Same as GIST 414 and HIST 418.)
JWSH 416. Israel in the First Decade. 3 Credits.
The course focuses on the formative period of the State of Israel from sociological, economic, religious, and cultural perspectives.
The course is an introduction to the Israeli system of government and its complexities, from a comparative perspective. The course aims to deal with the processes and critical issues that characterize the Israeli political system, as well as dilemmas and conflicts that are part of it since the early days of statehood until today. (Same as GIST 421 and POLS 480.)
JWSH 422. Topics in Israeli Society: _____. 3 Credits.
This course explores the social interconnections and interactions of the various cultures, religions, and ethnic identities in Israel.
JWSH 426. Polls and Public Opinion in Israel. 3 Credits.
An examination of public opinion in Israel, polls, and their effect on election results, policy making, and politics -- from a comparative perspective. We will discuss the validity of public opinion polls as a measurement tool, its advantages and disadvantages, and its success and failure at predicting election results.
This course introduces students to the study of Arab-Palestinians in Israel, by exploring the construction of Palestinian identity, their social and political structures, their culture, relations with Israeli Jews and the status of integration vs segregation within Israel.
JWSH 440. International Relations of the Middle-East. 3 Credits.
An overview of the politics and the governmental systems of Middle Eastern nations, including the historic, religious, ideological, economic and cultural forces that shape government policies and social movements.
JWSH 445. Local Self-Governments in Israel. 3 Credits.
An introduction to the fundamentals of local governments in Israel and their relationships, political, legal, and economic, to the central government.
Intensive reading or research under faculty supervision. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
Honors version of JWSH 490. Intensive reading or research under faculty supervision. Prerequisite: Membership in the University Honors Program or consent of instructor.
JWSH 562. Judaism and Political Theology. 3 Credits.
A consideration of the relationship between religion and politics in Judaism, and of the relevance of Judaism to broader discussions about religion and politics. Topics will include sovereignty, secularization, pluralism, democracy, and revolution. (Same as REL 572.) Prerequisite: At least one course in Jewish Studies or Religious Studies, or permission of instructor.
JWSH 590. Research Methods. 3 Credits.
This seminar will introduce students to appropriate approaches and methods, especially in the Humanities and Social Sciences, for conducting research in Jewish Studies and/or in Israel Studies. Examples will draw on many disciplines, especially in the humanities and social sciences. Students will prepare a research proposal and investigative methodology. Prerequisite: Any JWSH course 300 or above or permission of the instructor.
Investigation of topics related to Jewish studies from an interdisciplinary perspective: Jewish culture, history, and religion. The course focuses on research methods and intensive writing. Prerequisite: Open only to Jewish studies majors. Suggested for students with senior standing.
JWSH 645. Theatre and Genocide. 3 Credits.
This seminar focuses on theatre art production under extreme situations. Do artists have a moral obligation to bear witness to genocide and war? Lectures, historical and theoretical readings, play texts, dance performance, and films provide students with a context within which to explore such issues as: the function of the performing arts under duress; the artist's role under and in response to atrocity; and how art aids us to explore the human condition. Class discussion, readings, and individual projects. This course is offered at the 300 and 600 level with additional assignments at the 600 level. Not open to student with credit in JWSH 345 or THR 345. (Same as THR 645.) Prerequisite: THR 308 or graduate standing, or instructor permission.
JWSH 650. Service Learning in Jewish Studies. 3 Credits.
This course, to be taken in the junior or senior year, is designed to give students the opportunity to apply the knowledge, concepts, and ideas gained in courses in Jewish studies to real-life situations in appropriate agencies and organizations. Open to students in the Jewish Studies program. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.
JWSH 681. Regimes in the Middle-East and North Africa. 3 Credits.
Using governmental case-studies in North Africa and the Middle East, this course will examine basic definitions and behavoriors of liberal democracies, dictatorships, and hybrid regimes, the transitions between them, and the strategies they (and their leaders) use to stay in power. Prerequisite: JWSH 440 or permission of instructor.
JWSH 695. Study Abroad Advanced Topics: _____. 3 Credits.
Advanced study abroad topics in Jewish and Israel studies. Prerequisite: Any JWSH course 300 or above or permission of the instructor.
JWSH 700. Topics in Jewish Studies: _____. 3 Credits.
A study of one or more selected topics in Jewish studies. Topics can be on Jewish religion, history, culture, languages, or Israel studies. Repeatable for credit if topic varies. Prerequisite: Any JWSH course 300 and above, or equivalent by permission of instructor.
JWSH 729. Research in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 3 Credits.
This course guides students in conducting research on any aspect of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such as its history from the Ottoman period to the present day, the social and political effects on Israelis and Palestinians, various narratives, and international responses. Prerequisite: JWSH 329 or JWSH 410 or JWSH 414 or JWSH 412 or JWSH 434 or permission of the instructor.